Answer (1 of 6): KEY FACTS: GPM - No Challenger 2 MBTs have ever been destroyed in combat by the enemy. The Challenger 2 is a heavily armoured and well protected tank. The Ukrainians so far have destroyed or captured 50 of the roughly 400 T-90s that tank-maker Uralvagonzavod has built for the Russian army. Authorities on Monday said the death toll from a Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro had risen to 40. [74], As of January 2022 six Challenger 2s were reported to have received the automotive upgrades prior to conversion to Challenger 3s. The digital fire control computer from Computing Devices Co of Canada contains two 32-bit processors with a MIL STD1553B databus. The driver's sight was damaged and while attempting to back away under the commander's directions, the other sights were damaged and the tank threw its tracks entering a ditch. The good news for Moscow has been that Ukraine has also struggled to produce any new tanks, as its only tank factory was destroyed at the start of the war. Rescuers were working to locate victims and survivors in the wreckage of the strike on a multi-storey building that housed around 1,700 people in the south-eastern city. The addition of sand filters and other modifications through a series of Urgent Operational Requirements substantially improved the platform's operational availability. The incident happened on March 25, 2003, when all anti-tank weapons were helpless before Challenger 2, a Challenger 2 itself only needed a single shot to destroy his teammates. At 1999 prices Challenger 2 is believed to cost 4 million per vehicle. It is not planned to upgrade all Challenger 2s, the balance will be retired.[13]. Unupgraded Challenger 2s will be retired. The thermal image is displayed on both the gunner's and commander's sights and monitors. July 3, 2022 July 3, 2022. The Challenger 3 tanks will replace the existing . You have entered an incorrect email address! I love history and military science, so I created this website as a place to share my passion to you. [26], In May 2021, the UK MoD published a command paper entitled Defence in a Competitive Age. via the national interest. Rishi Sunak hopes the UKs intensifying support will increase the pressure on Russian President, Vladimir Putin, and galvanise support among Western allies. There are fewer than 500 Challenger 2 tanks in service with the British and Omani armies, and only a few British battalions have been equipped with them at any given time. The move is designed to 'backfill' Polish capability after Polish T-72 tanks were donated to Ukraine. To date, the only time the tank has been destroyed during operations was by another Challenger 2 in a "blue on blue" (friendly fire) incident at Basra in 2003 when the destroyed tank had its hatch open at the time of the incident. The world is witnessing a powerful rise of new generation modern tanks, the US and Russia are still the leading countries in this field. Algeria: It has 572 tanks of the variant T-90SA; Armenia: It has more than 30 Units of the variant T-90S; Azerbaijan: It has a 100 T-90S tank; India: It has a 2078 T-90S tank; Iraq: It has 73 T-90S/SK tank; And many other countries have variants of the T-90 tanks. They each weigh 62.5 tonnes and come equipped with a 120mm rifled gun and a 7.62mm . They were subsequently deployed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Operation Telic in 2003, alongside standard Challenger 2 MBTs. Leopard 2. The hulls will also undergo ultrasonic testing, weld repairs and repainting. An 800m contract has been agreed to supply the Army with 148 upgraded, fully-digitised tanks as part of a major overhaul of the armed forces. But Downing Street has expressed confidence that Ukraine will use them effectively. These included Team Challenger 2 (a consortium led by BAE Systems and including General Dynamics UK),[95] CMI Defence and Ricardo plc, Rheinmetall and Lockheed Martin UK. Military-Wiki.com is a military blog for people who love history and military science around the world. The tank has a glistening service record in Bosnia, Kosovo and Iraq. [20] However, IHS Jane's 360 reported in September 2015 that following discussions with senior Army officers and procurement officials at DSEI 2015 and the head of the British Army, General Sir Nick Carter, that the British Army was looking at either upgrading the Challenger 2 or outright replacing it. The Challenger 2 is an extensive redesign of the Challenger 1. Ultimately, it is likely to be destroyed if a sufficient number of missiles or IEDs hit any tank. These upgraded models will be known as Challenger 3. Mr Zelensky said tanks, APCs and artillery are exactly what Ukraine needs to restore its territorial integrity and thanked Mr Sunak, Defence Secretary, Ben Wallace, and the British people for this powerful contribution to our common victory over tyranny. I appreciate all of your contributions. British Challenger 2 main battle tanks could be heading to Ukraine to help its forces in their defence against Russia's invasion.It would mean Russia would b. The tank's shape is designed to minimise its radar signature. Sources confirmed that the future of the MBT was being considered at the highest levels of the Army. Kosovo and Iraq. Hope you find something interesting when visiting Military-Wiki.com. There are major exceptions, of course. Via Pinterest. The Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (CRARRV) is an armoured recovery vehicle based on the Challenger 1 hull, designed to repair and recover damaged tanks on the battlefield. The design is similar to the Challenger 1 derived Challenger Training Tank (CTT). Date: 28 March 2003 - Challenger 2 of C Squadron 1 Queens Royal Lancers, on patrol on the outskirts of Basra. 7 Specifications. the user manual), containing technical specifications of the vehicle, were posted on the official forums of the war simulation game War Thunder; the poster, allegedly a Challenger 2 tank commander, said he had done so in the hope that developer Gaijin Entertainment would modify the performance of the in-game tank to match the specifications detailed in the document. While American and Russian tanks both fought and some were destroyed in the Middle East, on the contrary, another beast that had fought here without ever being shot down the British Challenger 2. Like earlier British 120mm guns, it is insulated by a thermal sleeve. [127], Following Britain's exit from the European Union, early in 2021 the United Kingdom entered talks to be allowed into the European Main Battle Tank project as an observer. Each tank weighs 62.5 tonnes and is armed with a 120mm rifled gun and a 7.62mm chain gun. These new more modern assemblies will increase cooling capacity and reduce engine fuel cutback mode (where engine power is reduced if cooling capacity for the main engine and transmission is exceeded) through improved air flow efficiency. [44] The use of an APU allows fuel consumption to be reduced, and lowers the audio and thermal signature of the vehicle. [68][69] Since this information was released (February 2019) no further information in the public domain has been released regarding fitting Common Rail Fuel Injection and HUMS. Study now. The crew consists of four people with the driver in the hull and commander, loader and gunner in the turret. The UK is all set to send Ukraine its Challenger 2 battle tanks. It is fair to say that all of these tanks are comparable and have proven their worth when exposed to significant combat situations. [63][64] The HAAIP programme "will be made to existing in-service Challenger 2 tanks to increase their mobility and stability, both of which are critical to providing the foundation for the new turret and systems that will upgrade the vehicle to a Challenger 3. . There were a number of tank-to-tank skirmishes in the first two days of the operation, but the armored war began in earnest on February 26 when the U.S. 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment and other . The brigades have been operating in the forests around Kreminna, 10 miles north of Lysychansk in eastern Ukraines Donbas region. The Ukrainians so far have destroyed or captured 50 of the roughly 400 T-90s that tank-maker Uralvagonzavod has built for the Russian army. Weapon control system: Upgrades to the fire control computer, fire control panel and gun processing unit. [73], Work to update the base Challenger 2 hull and automotive components, undertaken by DE&S, RBSL and Babcock, commenced in July 2021 in advance of these being converted to Challenger 3s. [26], On 15 December 2017, BAE Systems was awarded a contract to maintain the Challenger 2's thermal imaging system as part of a 15.4 million interim solution separate to the LEP. CRARRVs were first deployed in action in the lead up to the First Gulf War, Operation Granby in 1991. [126] The leaked excerpts of the AESP document had been edited to appear as though it had been declassified under the UK's Freedom of Information Act 2000. The only Challenger 2 that was ever destroyed was due to being mistakenly shot by another Challenger 2. The UK will send 14 British Challenger 2 battle tanks to Ukraine. The crew was uninjured and the tank was back in operation 6 hours later. in /nfs/c05/h04/mnt/113983/domains/toragrafix.com/html/wp-content . The type saw extensive use during the siege of the city, providing fire support to the British forces and knocking out Iraqi tanks, mainly T-54/55s. The nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protection system is located in the turret bustle. [98][99][100], In October 2018, BAE Systems unveiled its proposed Challenger 2 LEP technology demonstrator, the "Black Night". It is hard to believe that the British tank has been able to move 2.5 km back to a safe location, handed over to repair technicians. Spain . Similarly, Italy should modernize 125 of its 200 Ariete MBTs as a 10-year capability gap-filler while awaiting a decision on its future MBT, but the program is still in its . The tanks deployed to Iraq had been 'desertised' in an effort to avoid the difficulties that had been identified in Challenger 2 during Exercise Saif Sareea II in Oman 18 month earlier. FP Explainers January 17, 2023 15:07:15 IST. Has a challenger 2 tank ever been destroyed? How many Challenger 2 tanks have been destroyed? In the West, the other main battle tanks are the M1 Abrams, the German Leopard II, the British Challenger II, the Italian Ariete C1, and the Polish P91. It has been reported that this tank is fitted with a diesel engine . [48] The crew survived, safe within the tank until it was recovered for repairs, the worst damage being to the sighting system. [23] The Challenger 2 is expected to remain in service until 2025. It was back in operation six hours later. The Challenger 2 tank has not been destroyed in combat due in part to the relatively small number of units built and deployed. Further developed versions of the EuroPowerPack have more recently been installed in the latest serial produced Korean K2 Black Panther tank. History. As of January 2008, two Challenger 2s have been damaged in combat, and one destroyed by another Challenger 2 in a friendly fire incident. Expert Answers: To date, the only time the tank has been destroyed during operations was by another Challenger 2 in a "blue on blue" (friendly fire) incident at Basra in 2003 . They could fire various Frag projectiles, smoke and infrared flares. It was hit by 14 RPG-7s from close range and a MILAN anti-tank guided missile. A Challenger 2 received 14 RPG-7 hits at close range with a MILAN anti-tank missile damaging the reconnaissance system. For active protection, a modernized set of L8 smoke dischargers was also fitted, five per side. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Challenger 2 has a length of 8.3m excluding gun barrel, 3.5m wide, 2.49m high, weighing about 69 tons and 75 tons if equipped with enhanced armor module. The tank is also well-protected against all-known anti-tank weapons as it has Chobham composite armour, which is made up of steel and uranium. The turret also received modifications to improve the speed of traverse and to provide greater space as well as regenerative braking to generate and store power. [39] The turret and hull are protected by second-generation Chobham armour, also known as Dorchester, the details of which are classified but which is said to have a mass efficiency more than twice that of rolled homogeneous armour against high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles. Another tank that has never been destroyed in battle is the Challenger II, a British main battle tank manufactured by Vickers Defense Systems. Has a challenger 2 tank ever been destroyed? . March 1, 2023, 12:49 AM. The tank was initially built in the UK by Vickers Defence Systems, now BAE Systems and Land Armaments. [16] The MoD rejected these alternatives, and in June 1991[16] the MoD placed a 520 million order for 127 MBTs and 13 driver training vehicles. No one has ever said Challenger tanks are impenetrable. Unofficial information revealed, Chobham armor is twice as durable as steel, and is a mixture of porcelain and metal, so it is much more effective than other armor. The US is sending 31 of its Abrams tanks, the UK is providing 14 Challenger 2 tanks and Germany, 14 Leopards 2 tanks. The move, which makes the United Kingdom the first Western power to send the heavy tanks Kyiv has been calling for, comes in the backdrop of renewed missile attacks . Ukraine Has Destroyed 2,000 Russian Tanks, 254 Aircraft & 48,700 Soldiers.. How many of Russia's tanks have been destroyed in Ukraine? Although the hull and automotive components seem similar, they are of a newer design than for the Challenger 1 and only about 3% of components are interchangeable. A 7.62mm L37A2 machine gun above the turret, which can be controlled from inside the vehicle. There could be a hundred or more T-90s in the woods around Kreminna. With its combat and technological characteristics, these tanks will remain the mainstay weapons of the armies for the next decade. It was designed as a replacement to the Challenger 1 tank in 1986, and has been in . Of the nine Abrams tanks destroyed, seven were destroyed by friendly fire, and two were purposely destroyed to prevent capture after being damaged. Production began in 1993 and the unit's tanks were delivered in July 1994, replacing the Challenger 1. Due to these possible legal penalties, Gaijin refused to handle or utilise the leaked specifications. . At the last of these milestones, Vickers was to have met 11 key criteria for the tank's design.[15]. Since launching the unprovoked and unwarranted invasion in February, hundreds of Russian tanks have been destroyed.Though the T-14 hasn't been among the tanks lost, it has been a casualty in . The Challenger 2 has a four-man crew. Challenger 2 was first used in combat in March 2003 during the invasion of Iraq. This may have a bearing on a future replacement of the Challenger 3.[128]. "Of these 24,000 belong to potential adversaries and 20,000 are in storage and at least 10,000 have been . During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Challenger 2 tanks suffered no tank losses to Iraqi fire. Russia vs Britain: How do their militaries stack up. Track: William Cook Defence hydraulically adjustable TR60 414FS double-pin. It is fitted with a muzzle reference system and fume extractor, and is controlled by an all-electric control and stabilisation system. Only 1 Challenger 2 has been destroyed in combat; by another Challenger 2 in a friendly fire incident. 3,587 vehicles and fuel tanks. how many challenger 2 tanks have been destroyed. A single Army Reserve regiment, The Royal Wessex Yeomanry, will provide reservist Challenger crews to the regular regiments. The manufacturer advertises it as the world's most reliable main battle tank. Production began in 1972, and the T-72 entered service in 1976. As of 2022[update] maintenance and overhaul of the Challenger 2 is undertaken by the Babcock Defence Support Group. The running gear consists of six double-tired road wheels to a track side with the drive sprocket at the rear and the track idler at the front. August 2006: An RPG-29 capable of firing a, Upgraded CV12-9A engines for Challenger 3 and CRARRV, New Hydraulic Track Tensioners (HTT) with inline accumulators, Improved Electric Cold Start System (Intake Manifold Heater), Unspecified new components fitted to improve the transmissions. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, no Challenger 2 was completely destroyed, while American M1 Abram tanks were destroyed by Iraqi fire. Each regiment operates 56 Challenger 2 tanks and a similar number of supporting vehicles in tasks such as reconnaissance and ammunition supply. [27], After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in spring 2022, the then British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, declined Ukrainian requests for Challenger 2 tanks to be part of the military aid packages arranged by the United Kingdom and other NATO countries. The Challenger 3 tanks will replace the existing Challenger 2 vehicles which have been in use since 1998. [109], On 22 March 2021, the MoD published its long-awaited command paper, Defence in a Competitive Age, which confirmed the British Army's plans to upgrade 148 Challenger 2 tanks and designate them Challenger 3. . Uniquely among NATO main battle tank guns, the L30A1 is rifled, because the British Army continues to place a premium on the use of high-explosive squash head (HESH) rounds in addition to armour-piercing fin-stabilised discarding-sabot rounds. [101] The new improvements included a Safran PASEO commander's sight, Leonardo thermal imager for the gunner and Leonardo DNVS 4 night sight. In contrast, the Abrams tank has been used extensively in combat in Afghanistan and Iraq, with more than 10,000 units built. The Challenger 2 can create smoke by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust manifolds. The main armament ammunition is described to be "three-part ammunition", consisting of the projectile, charge and vent tube. How many tanks are there in the world? The sole BMP-T company just suffered its first combat loss. This included 7 to friendly fire and 2 destroyed that had previously been disabled (to. [28] In April 2022, Johnson and his German counterpart Olaf Scholz stated that both Western European allies would withhold their MBTs from the war. There have been a small number of tanks that have been damaged and repaired. Although these two generations of tanks look similar, only about 3% of the components are interchangeable. The Challenger 2 Driver Training Tank (DTT) is based on the Challenger 2 hull. The 25th and 80th Air Mobile Brigades each could form a single under-strength company with three fewer tanks than a Ukrainian air-mobile brigade usually possesses. [60], A single Challenger 2 was fitted with the L55 and underwent trials in January 2006. [35] On 8 February, Sunak and Ukrainian President Zelensky paid a visit to Ukrainian soldiers at Lulworth Camp where they were being trained on Challenger 2 tanks by British soldiers from the Royal Tank Regiment and the Queen's Royal Hussars. It is renowned for its durability and endurance. A Challenger 2 tank and an M1A2 Abrams are hunting each other on a from www.quora.com. . FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. The Ministry of Defence ordered a prototype in December 1988. Thus, if not counting the aforementioned false shot, this tank has never been destroy by any other tank or anti-tank weapon showing the ability of the current 26-year-old tank is serving this British Royal Army. Four CRARRVs were purchased by Oman to complement their acquisition of Challenger 2 tanks. Russia circling Ukraines defence of Bakhmut as pressure mounts after months of fighting, African and Asian students forced to return to Ukraine for exam say treatment is racist. British Army Challenger 2 tanks in Poland for Exercise Black Eagle in 2014. . [19], A British military document from 2001 indicated that the British Army would not procure a replacement for the Challenger 2 because of a lack of foreseeable conventional threats in the future. Whilst its primary role is to destroy or neutralise armour, Challenger 2 can operate across a spectrum of high intensity conflict, counter insurgency and peace keeping roles. The Challenger 3 tank will use the . How many Challenger 2 tanks are there? The ISRD took place from September to December 1998. The upper areas of the running gear and hull are protected in thin skirt armor. [70][71] [72] Publications in support of tender procurement for HAAIP indicate that a new CV12-9A engine build standard will be used for the Challenger 2s upgraded to become Challenger 3s, and for CRARRV. The turret is capable of rotating 360 degrees in 9 seconds. . Mobility: Upgrades including third-generation hydrogas suspension, improved air filtration, CV-12 common rail fuel injection, transmission and cooling. Still, the T-90s on paper are better than the Ukrainian armys T-64s and T-72s are. Challenger 2 armor is made up of many different layers of materials, with top-secret technology that is still unknown to the present. The 70-ton, four-person Challenger 2, on the other hand, outsees and outshoots the T-90 and boasts better armor protection, too. An 800m contract has been agreed to supply the Army with 148 upgraded, fully-digitised tanks as part of a major overhaul of the armed forces. The vehicles will be produced at the Rheinmetall BAE Systems . But once Ukraines first 14 BAE Systems Challenger 2s arrive around Kreminna, as early as next month, there could be tank-on-tank fights pitting the 25th and 80th Air Mobile Brigades against the Russian 90th Tank Division. [9] A visual recognition feature is the armoured housing for the TOGS thermal gunsight: the Challenger 2 has this above the gun barrel, the Challenger 1 has it at the right hand side of the turret. The free space in the hull is available for ammunition stowage or for fuel, increasing the vehicle's range to 550km (340mi). how many challenger 2 tanks have been destroyeddori monson text line. These tanks were the first Western MBTs offered to Ukraine, supplementing donations of Western manufactured infantry fighting vehicles, armoured personnel carriers, and self-propelled artillery;[31][32][33] A number of other countries have subsequently announced that they would supply Ukraine with Western-manufactured MBTs; specifically the American M1 Abrams and German-made Leopard 1 and Leopard 2. The UK will begin training the Ukrainian Armed Forces to use the tanks and guns in the coming days. [103][104][105], In June 2019, BAE Systems and Rheinmetall formed a joint venture company, based in the UK, named Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land (RBSL). The Challenger 2 entered service with the British Army in June 1998, with the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, with the last delivered in 2002. The Merkava 3 and 4 tanks have also seen significant combat exposure in Gaza and Lebanon, with over 1000 units built. [39] The ammunition storage and handling arrangements had to be changed to cater for the single-piece smoothbore rounds, instead of the separate-loading rifled rounds. Design authority for the tank is held by Rheinmetall BAE Systems Land (RBSL). The tank uses Perkins CV12 TCA Condor diesel providing a capacity of 1,216 horsepower, 8-speed gearbox and air suspension system that allows to reach 60km/h on a flat road, 1,592 liters of fuel reserve for Itinerary 550km. The 90th operates many of Russias dwindling fleet of new T-90 tanks, as well as the nine surviving examples of the latest BMP-T fighting vehicle. Company Limited by Guarantee. Effective range of fire with armor-piercing round is over 3 000 m. The Challenger gun claims the longest-distance tank kill in history. In addition to being equipped with the platform battlefield information system application provided by Computing Devices of Canada, including a display for the commander, an inertial navigation system, Challenger 2 is also integrated with a range of electronic combat support systems, allowing crews to operate more efficiently. [62], Updates to the automotive components of Challenger 2 are being undertaken as part of the ongoing Heavy Armour Automotive Improvement Programme (HAAIP), which is expected to continue until 2031, and expected to align with the Challenger 3 programme. [84], In 2005, the MoD recognised a need for a Capability Sustainment Programme (CSP) to extend the service life of the Challenger 2 into the mid-2030s and upgrade its mobility, lethality and survivability. Improved Main Engine/Transmission Cooling; fitting new high efficiency radiators (596 sets) and fans (294 triple fan sets with mountings and drive systems). Early trials apparently revealed that the German tungsten DM53 round was more effective than the depleted-uranium CHARM 3. Explosive reactive armor kits can be fitted for added protection. BAES announced in 2005 that development and export marketing of 2E would stop. Many of the pre-production prototype Challenger 2 vehicles are on display in the United Kingdom: In 2021, the then UK Minister for Defence Procurement, Jeremy Quin, acknowledged in a written answer, that were no current plans to dispose of a production vehicle to a museum, but that the UK MoD were aware that The Tank Museum intend to secure one for their collection. [88][89][90], In 2015, the British Army provided an insight into the scope of the LEP, dividing it into four key areas, namely:[91], The MoD also began assessing active protection systems (APS) on the Challenger 2, including MUSS and Rheinmetall's ROSY Rapid Obscurant System. Oddly enough it's feminists, One of the UK's smallest towns has an award-winning pub and England's oldest fishing society, The golden health rules GPs live by, including why you should ditch your weekend lie-ins, When the cost of living payments could be paid in 2023, and how much people will get, Liverpool plan to be ruthless in 'biggest rebuild for a generation', How many episodes of The Last of Us there are and when the series ends, 'The man is a narcissist': Tories despair as 'bully' Boris Johnson threatens Sunak's new start, NHS condemns 'unreasonable' demands of up to 262 an hour for cover during doctors' strike, Do not sell or share my personal information. [58], In July 2022, a squadron of 14 Challenger 2 tanks of the Queen's Royal Hussars were sent to Poland on an initial 6 month deployment. It's powered by a 1,479 horsepower MTU MB 873 Ka-501 liquid-cooled V12 twin-turbo diesel engine. World Russia-Ukraine War Russian Tanks Russia Kharkiv. The Challenger 3 tanks will replace the existing . British Challenger 2 main battle tanks could be heading to Ukraine to help its forces in their defence against Russia's invasion. The Prime Ministers official spokesman said: We have seen very clearly that the Ukrainian armed forces have been very effective with the equipment that we have provided to them. Challenger 2 is an extensive redesign from Challenger 1, the MBT from which it . The Challenger 1's performance in the Gulf War bolstered the MoD's confidence in British armour. In one encounter within an urban area, a Challenger 2 came under attack from irregular forces with machine guns and rocket propelled grenades (RPGs). DNA. The British Army has 227 Challenger 2 tanks - though many are not currently in position to be deployed. 407270, Challenger 2: The British tank that's never been destroyed by the enemy, British Army Challenger 2s display firepower alongside allies in Poland. Not in Ukraine - Notably absent in Russia's so-called "special military operation" in Ukraine has been the T-14 Armata tank, but that's probably for the best. It is hard to believe that the British tank has been able to move 2.5 km back to a safe location, handed over to repair technicians. The Challenger 2 tank has not been destroyed in combat due in part to the relatively small number of units built and deployed. It uses a solid state electric drive for turret and gun motion, instead of hydraulic systems that can leak fluid into the crew compartment. [57] When deployed on operations the Challenger 2 is now normally upgraded to Theatre Entry Standard (TES), which includes a number of modifications including armour and weapon system upgrades. [citation needed], It has seen operational service in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Iraq. [92][93][94], In August 2016, the MoD awarded assessment phase contracts to several companies for the Life Extension Programme. The engine was arranged at the rear. With the philosophy of sacrificing maneuverability to enhance crew protection, Vickers has developed for Challenger 2 the special second generation Chobham complex armor system called Dorchester. The first tanks were delivered in July 1994. Vickers' indigenous design was received skeptically by some senior MoD officials, and was evaluated against the American M1 Abrams offered by General Dynamics.
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